3^rd Annual Conference on Diabetes and Endocrinology October 28-29, 2021 Zurich, Switzerland

 Thyroid is the most common problem in recent days, 12% of the people affected by the thyroid. The thyroid gland produces hormones that control your body’s metabolism. Several distinct disorders can raise when your thyroid produces too much hormone (hyperthyroidism) or not enough (hypothyroidism).  Thyroid problems are more prevalent to women than men. Thyroid hormone production can be crushed or halted completely by following these methods radioactive iodide treatment, Anti-thyroid medication and Surgery.

Metabolism and differentiation are the highly unified disciplines. Metabolism is the set of life-sustaining biochemical process within the cells of organisms in which calories in food and beverages are merging with oxygen to release the energy to run a cellular process. Metabolism was managed by the endocrine gland (thyroid gland).  Discussions also made on the purpose of the endocrine gland in metabolism, metabolism and aging, catabolism and anabolism.

Genomic endocrinology is defined as the perception that may be gained about endocrine pathology and physiology from application of the full range of genetic approaches. Genetic mechanisms leading to endocrine disease, and functional studies of genetic mutations that shed novel perceptions into the aetiology and pathogenesis of endocrine disorders.

Pediatric endocrinology is a subdivide  of medicine and biology which generally deals with the disorders in endocrine glands, that influence  variations in physical growth or sexual development in children, diabetes and many more other diseases. The most common disease specially is type1 diabetes, which normally accounts for at least 50% of a typical clinical practice. Another most common problem is growth disorders, especially those amenable to growth hormone treatment.

Neuroendocrinology is the branch of biology (specifically of physiology) which studies the interconnection between the nervous system and the endocrine system that is how the brain controls the hormonal activity in the body. The nervous and endocrine systems frequently act together in a process called neuroendocrine integration, to regulate the physiological processes of the human body. Neuroendocrinology rise from the recognition of the brain, especially the hypothalamus, controls secretion of pituitary gland hormones, and has later expanded to investigate numerous interconnections of the endocrine and nervous systems.

There is a correlation between cardiovascular disease (CVD) and diabetes. At least 68% of people ages of 65 or older with diabetes die from some form of heart disease and 16% die of stroke. Diabetes is treatable disease, even so when blood sugar levels are under control it mostly increases the risk of heart disease and stroke. Because people with diabetes, particularly type 2 diabetes , may have the conditions that contribute to their risk for developing cardiovascular disease

Endocrinology is the study of the endocrine system in the human body. This is a system of glands which secrete hormones. Hormones are chemicals that affect the actions of different organ systems in the body. Examples include thyroid hormone, growth hormone, and insulin. The endocrine system involves a number of feedback mechanisms, so that often one hormone (such as thyroid stimulating hormone) will control the action or release of another secondary hormone (such as thyroid hormone). If there is too much of the secondary hormone, it may provide negative feedback to the primary hormone, maintaining homeostasis.

Diabetic retinopathy is also known as diabetic eye disease, is a medical condition in which damage happen to the retina due to diabetes mellitus. It is a leading cause of blindness. Diabetic retinopathy influence up to 80% of those who have had diabetes for 20 years or more.  At least 90% of new cases could be lessening with proper treatment and monitoring of the eyes. The retina is the membrane that covering the back of the eye. It is highly sensitive to light. It transforms any light that hits the eye into signals that can be interpreted by the brain. This action produces visual images, and it is how sight functions in the human eye. Diabetic retinopathy damages the blood vessels within the retinal tissue, causing them to drip fluid and distort vision.

Diabetic neuropathy is a type of nerve damage condition which can appear when you have diabetes. High glucose can hurt nerves of your body. Diabetic neuropathy mainly damages nerves present in your legs and feet. On the basics of the number of affected nerves, symptoms of diabetic neuropathy may range from pain to numbness in your legs and feet and difficulties with your digestive system , urinary tract, and heart. For people it reveals mild symptoms but for others, diabetic neuropathy can be rather painful and disabling.

Diabetic nephropathy, also called as diabetic kidney disease which is the chronic loss of kidney function occurring in those with diabetes mellitus. Diabetic nephropathy is one of the main causes of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) globally. Protein losses in the urine due to damage of the glomeruli may become enormous and causes a low serum albumin with resulting generalized body swelling (edema) and result in the nephrotic syndrome. Likewise, the estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) may progressively fall from a normal of over 90 ml/min/1.73m2 to less than 15, at which point the patient is said to have end-stage renal disease. It usually is slowly progressive over years.

Endocrinology may be a branch of biology and medicine handling the system, the system may be a network of glands that produce and release hormones. These hormones are responsible of several functions within the body, from heartbeat to tissue growth to the creation of latest life. These glands that produce and release hormones that help control many important body functions, including the body's ability to vary calories into energy that powers cells and organs. The system influences as per heart beats, how your bones and tissues grow, even your ability to form a baby. It plays an important role in whether you develop diabetes, thyroid disease, growth disorders, sexual dysfunction, and number of other hormone-related disorders.

With the growing awareness and information regarding preventive measures for fighting fatal disease like diabetes, consumers are choosing for proper food along with medicines. One can improve the health in a great way by making slight changes to the diet, while still enjoying the favourite food items and taking pleasure from the meals. A diabetes diet is simple healthy eating schedule that is high in nutrients, low in fat, and moderate in calories. Manufacturers are now anxious towards Diabetes Nutrition on introducing new low calorie food products with sugar substitutes and less oil, in view of the involving consumer interest toward healthy eating and help to prevent diabetes and its concomitant risk factors.

Drugs used in diabetes to treat diabetes mellitus by altering the glucose level in the blood. With the exceptions of insulin, exenatide, liraglutide and pramlintide, all are administered orally and are thus also known oral hypoglycemia agents or oral anti-hyperglycemia agents. There are different classes of anti-diabetic drugs, and their selection depends upon the nature of the diabetes, age and situation of the person, as well as other factors. Diabetes mellitus type 1 is a disease caused by the shortage of insulin. Insulin must be used in type1, which must be injected. Diabetes mellitus type 2 is a disease of insulin resistance by the cells.

Insulin therapy need close monitoring and a great deal of patient education, as improper administration is quite dangerous. For example, when food consumption is reduced, less insulin is required. A previously allowable dosing may be too much if less food is consumed causing a hypoglycemia reaction if not intelligently adjusted. Exercise reduces insulin requirements as exercise increases glucose uptake by body cells whose glucose uptake is controlled by insulin, and vice versa. In addition, there are various types of insulin with varying times of onset and duration of action.

Diabetic treatment intention to keeping blood glucose levels close to the normal range. This treatment should be specific to each and every distinct person depending on the type of diabetes one is having. While Type 1 diabetes is usually treated with insulin, Type 2 diabetes generally requires management with diet and exercise. A variety of anti-diabetic medication, insulin treatment, transplants, surgery and herbal remedies are available that should be coupled with planned diet, physical exercise and blood glucose screening for effectively treating diabetes.

It is always advisable to take up preventive methods for such a disease which brings about so many serious complications. Some of the measures that involve undertaking a balanced diet, doing regular exercise, making lifestyle changes and cutting down on harmful habits such as smoking, alcohol consumption. Assuming preventive methods for Pre-diabetes, which is a precursor to type2 diabetes, is also approved. Diabetic medications are also helpful for threatening the risk of diabetes in patients for whom lifestyle interventions might not be enough.

Gestational diabetes is a kind of diabetes that develops throughout pregnancy. Diabetes defines your blood glucose or blood sugar, is too high. Overly glucose in your blood is not good for you or your baby. Gestational diabetes is generally diagnosed in the 24th to 28th week of pregnancy. Managing your gestational diabetes that can help you and your baby stay healthy. You can safeguard your own and your baby’s health by taking action right away to manage your blood glucose levels.

Prediabetes is a component of the metabolic syndrome and is marked by higher blood sugar levels that fall below the limit to diagnose diabetes mellitus. It generally fails to cause symptoms but people with prediabetes often have obesity (especially abdominal or visceral obesity), dyslipidemia with high triglycerides and/or low HDL cholesterol, and hypertension. It is also connected with increased risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Prediabetes is more accurately examined an early stage of diabetes as health complications associated with type 2 diabetes frequently occur before the diagnosis of diabetes. There is a high rate of advancement to type2 diabetes but not everyone with prediabetes develops type2 diabetes. Prediabetes can be a convertible condition with lifestyle changes. Prediabetes typically has no distinct signs except the sole sign of high blood sugar. Patients should monitor for signs   of type 2 diabetes mellitus such as increased thirst, increased urination, and feeling tired.

Type 2 diabetes, the most often type of diabetes, is a disease which be found when your blood glucose or blood sugar, is too high. Blood glucose emerges as your main source of energy and comes mostly from the food that you eat. Insulin, a hormone made by the pancreas, helps glucose comes into your cells to be used for energy. In type 2 diabetes, your body doesn’t make sufficient insulin or doesn’t use insulin well. Too much glucose then stays in your blood, and not much reaches to your cells. Type 2 can be caused by Being overweight, Eating a lot of foods or drinks with sugar and simple carbohydrates, Artificial sweeteners.

 An autoimmune disease that occurs when T cells attack and destroy most of the beta cells in the pancreas that are require to produce insulin, so that the pancreas makes insufficient insulin (or no insulin). Without the capacity to make suitable amount of insulin, the body is incapable to metabolize blood glucose (sugar), to use it efficiently for energy, and toxic acids (called keto acids) increase in the body. There is a genetic tendency to Type 1 diabetes. The disease inclines to occur in childhood, adolescence or early adulthood (before age 30) but it might have its medical attack at any age. The symptoms of type 1 diabetes characteristically appear unexpectedly, even though the damage to the beta cells may be initiated very earlier and progress slowly and silently.

The main complications of diabetes are because of damage in small blood vessels include damage to the eyes, kidneys, and nerves. Damage to the eyes, known as diabetic retinopathy, is caused by damage to the blood vessels in the retina of the eye, and can produce gradual vision loss and eventual blindness. Diabetes also increases the possibilities of having glaucoma, cataracts, and other eye problems. It was suggest that people with diabetes visit an eye doctor every year. Damage to the kidneys, known as diabetic nephropathy, can lead to tissue scarring, urine protein loss, and eventually chronic kidney disease, sometimes it needed dialysis or kidney transplantation. Damage to the nerves of the body, known as diabetic neuropathy, is the most frequent complication of diabetes. The signs that include numbness, tingling, pain, and altered pain sensation, which can lead to damage of the skin. Diabetes that linked with foot problems (such as diabetic foot ulcers) arises, and can be difficult to treat, sometimes it requiring amputation. Also, proximal diabetic neuropathy causes painful muscle atrophy and weakness.